Contents

1. Introduction

Literate Programs. How to Read This Book. Overview. Design. Common Declarations. Syntax Specifications. Errors.

2. Storage Management

Memory Management Interface. Arena Representation. Allocating Space. Deallocating Space. Strings.

3. Symbol Management

Representing Symbols. Representing Symbol Tables. Changing Scope. Finding and Installing Identifiers. Labels. Constants. Generated Variables.

4. Types

Representing Types. Type Management. Type Predicates. Type Constructors. Function Types. Structure and Enumeration Types. Type-Checking Functions. Type Mapping.

5. Code Generation Interface

Type Metrics. Interface Records. Symbols. Types. Dag Operators. Interface Flags. Initialization. Definitions. Constants. Functions. Interface Binding. Upcalls.

6. Lexical Analysis

Input. Recognizing Tokens. Recognizing Keywords. Recognizing Identifiers. Recognizing Numbers. Recognizing Character Constants and Strings.

7. Parsing

Languages and Grammars. Ambiguity and Parse Trees. Top-Down Parsing. FIRST and FOLLOW Sets. Writing Parsing Functions. Handling Syntax Errors.

8. Expressions

Representing Expressions. Parsing Expressions. Parsing C Expressions. Assignment Expressions. Conditional Expressions. Binary Expressions. Unary and Postfix Expressions. Primary Expressions.

9. Expression Semantics

Conversions. Unary and Postfix Operators. Function Calls. Binary Operators. Assignments. Conditionals. Constant Folding.

10. Statements

Representing Code. Execution Points. Recognizing Statements. If Statements. Labels and Gotos. Loops. Switch Statements. Return Statements. Managing Labels and Jumps.

11. Declarations

Translation Units. Declarations. Declarators. Function Declarators. Structure Specifiers. Function Definitions. Compound Statements. Finalization. The Main Program.

12. Generating Intermediate Code

Eliminating Common Subexpressions. Building Nodes. Flow of Control. Assignments. Function Calls. Enforcing Evaluation Order. Driving Code Generation. Eliminating Multiply Referenced Nodes.

13. Structuring the Code Generator

Organization of the Code Generator. Interface Extensions. Upcalls. Node Extensions. Symbol Extensions. Frame Layout. Generating Code to Copy Blocks. Initialization.

14. Selecting and Emitting Instructions

Specifications. Labelling the Tree. Reducing the Tree. Cost Functions. Debugging. The Emitter. Register Targeting. Coordinating Instruction Selection. Shared Rules.

15. Register Allocation

Organization. Tracking the Register State. Allocating Registers. Spilling.

16. Generating MIPS R3000 Code

Registers. Selecting Instructions. Implementing Functions. Defining Data. Segments. Copying Blocks.

17. Generating SPARC Code

Registers. Selecting Instructions. Implementing Functions. Defining Data. Copying Blocks.

18. Generating Intel X86 Code

Registers. Selecting Instructions. Implementing Functions. Defining Data.

19. Retrospective

Data Structures. Interface. Syntactic and Semantic Analyses. Code Generation and Optimization. Testing and Validation.